



































































> 

















How To Become 
A Citizen 


CONTENTS 

1. Law and Procedure. 

2. General Information. 

3. Historical Review of the United States. 

4. Formation of the Government of the United 

States. 

5. Formation of the State Government. 

6. Formation of the City and Town Governments. 

7. States and their Capitals. Territories and Pos¬ 

sessions of the United States. 

8. Presidents of the United States. 

9. The'Declaration of Independence. 

10. The Constitution of the United States. 

11. The Monroe Doctrine. 

12. President Lincoln’s Gettysburg- Address. 

13. Flag Etiquette. 


Author 

JOHN SANJEAN 
649 Tremont Building 
Boston, Mass. 


Copyrighted 1917 




TK 

$25 


PREFACE. 

In 1915, the author, realizing from personal experi¬ 
ence as instructor of the Law of Naturalization that 
the books intended to aid applicants for naturalization 
were inadequate, published a small book entitled “In¬ 
formation for Naturalization of Aliens.” 

In that work the question and answer form was 
used to a large extent. 

In the course of his work as instructor since that 
time the author arrived at the conclusion that a differ¬ 
ent treatment of the subject was needed and for that 
reason and also in response to many requests the pres¬ 
ent volume, covering a wider scope than the original 
work and written in narrative form, is published. 

The author trusts that this work not only will meet 
the needs of prospective citizens, but also will be of 
value to< others desiring information on the subject 
of naturalization. 

Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 11, 1917. 



V 


JUN 25 I9I10CLA47O171 







LAW AND PROCEDURE. 

Where to Apply for Naturalization Papers. 

Aliens (male or female) may obtain naturalization 
papers at the United States District Court within the 
State where they reside. Also at any Court of record 
in any state having a seal, a clerk and jurisdiction in 
actions at law or equity, or law and equity, in which 
the amount in controversy is unlimited, or at any 
other Court authorized to issue same. 

Note: Alien residents in cities or towns in the 
vicinity of Boston will find it convenient to apply for 
their papers at the United States District Court, Nat¬ 
uralization Office, Federal Building, Boston, Mass. 

Aliens Who May Apply for Naturalization Papers. 

1. Any person who is of white or African desecnt. 

2. Any person who can speak the English language 
and sign his name in his own hand writing. 

3. Any person who is not a disbeliever in or op¬ 
posed to organized government, or a member of or 
affiliated with any organization or body of persons 
teaching disbelief in organized government. 

4. Any person who is not a polygamist or a be¬ 
liever in the practice of polygamy. 

5. Any person who is not an anarchist or a believ¬ 
er in anarchy. 

What is Necessary to Obtain Naturalization 
Papers. 

First Paper and Second Paper. 

Two papers are necessary before an Alien is con¬ 
sidered a citizen of the United' States. His Declara¬ 
tion of Intention, known as the “First Paper,” must 
be filed first, his Petition for Naturalization, known 
as the “Second Paper.” thereafter. Applicants are 
required, under all circumstances, to appear in person. 
3 


FIRST PAPER. 

Prerequisites. 

1. Any person may obtain his First Paper upon 
his arrival within the United States or within the 
jurisdiction thereof, provided the applicant is eighteen 
years of age or over. 

2. All persons are required to obtain a First Pa¬ 
per, regardless of their age at the time of their arrival 
within the United States or its jurisdiction, in order 
to become naturalized. The applicant will be required 
to fill in a blank which will be furnished, upon his 
request, by the Clerk of the Court. If he is unable to 
fill in this blank, he may obtain the assistance of some 
other person and may, if he so desires, fill in same at 
his leisure. 

3. All persons are required to apply under their 
original names. 

4. First Paper is not valid seven years after date 
of its issuance. 

Note: The applicant is required to pay a fee of 
one dollar upon the filing of his Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion, an exact copy of which is as follows: 

FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION. 


U. S. Department of Labor. 
Naturalization Service. 


NOTE.—A copy of this form should be furnished by the 
clerk of the court to each applicant for a declaration of inten¬ 
tion, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the ques¬ 
tions. After being filled out the form is to be returned to the 
clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the declaration 
If the applicant landed on or after June 29, 190(1, his declaration 
should not be filed until the name of the vessel is definitely 
given (or the name of the railroad and border port in the 
United States through which the alien entered), as well as the 
date of the arrival. 

TO THE APPLICANT.—The fee of one dollar must be paid 
to the clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the 
declaration of intention. No fee is chargeable for this blank. 

4 



My name is .. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name 

in full.) 

Age: . years. 

(Give age at last birthday.) 

Also known as . 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name 
should be shown on line immediately above.) 

Occupation: . 

Color: . Complexion: . 

Height: . feet . inches. Weight: . pounds. 

Color of hair: . Color of eyes: . 

Other visible distinctive marks: . 

(If no visible distinctive marks, 


so state.) 

Where born: . 

(City or town.) 


Date of birth: . 

(Month.) 

Present residence: . 


(Day.) 


(Number and 


(Country.) 


(Year.) 


street.) 


(City or town.) 

(State, Territory, District.) 

Emigrated from: ... 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to 

come to the United States.) 

(Country.) 

Name of vessel: . 

(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, 

. * .. * .. 

the character of conveyance or name of transportation company 

should be given.) 

Last place of foreign residence: .. 

(City or town.) 

(Country.) 

*1 am .... married; the name of my wife is.> 

she was *born at.; and now resides at . 

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to 


( 


(Write name and title of sovereign and country of which now a 

5 
































mbject; or if a citizen of a Republic, write name of Republic 


only.) 

Port of arrival: . 

(City or town.) (State or Territory.) 

Date of arrival in United States: . 

(Month.) (Day.) 


(Year.) 

* Note to Clerk of Court.—The two lines indicated by the * 
contain information which is provided for by blanks on the lat¬ 
est declaration of intention form; until such time as you may 
be supplied with forms containing these blank spaces the in¬ 
formation called for herein should be inserted immediately 
above the twelfth line, which begins, “It is my bona fide in¬ 
tention,” etc., as requested in circular letter of January 5, 
1916. 


SECOND PAPER. 

Prerequisites. 

To obtain Second Paper, the applicant is required: 

1. To be twenty-one years of age. 

2. To have resided for five years continuously 
within the United States or within its jurisdiction. 

3. To have resided at least one year immediately 
preceding his petition within the State where he ap¬ 
plies. 

4. 4 To have a First Paper issued at least two years 
prior to the filing of his petition. 

5. To produce his First Paper. 

6. To obtain a Certificate of Arrival from the 
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Nat¬ 
uralization, at Washington, D. C., before filing his 
Petition for Naturalization if he arrived within the 
United States after June 29, 1906. 

7. To produce two witnesses, citizens of the 
United States (if the witnesses are naturalized citi¬ 
zens, they must produce certificates to that effect), 
who have known him for at least five years as a resi¬ 
dent of the State in which petition is made (except 
as hereinafter specified), and who will make affidavits 

6 







that the applicant is a person of good moral character. 
The witnesses are required to be'able to testify when, 
where and under what circumstances they were first 
acquainted with the applicant. 

The following is an exact copy of the Certificate 
of Arrival required under Section 6. 

REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL. 

For Use of Aliens Arriving after June 29 , 1906 . 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Naturalization Service. 

Notice to the Clerk of the Court: 

This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this 
country after June 29,' 1906. 

When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this 
form should be given to him before he is permitted to file his 
petition, and the execution of the petition for naturalization 
should not be commenced until the certificate of arrival is re¬ 
ceived by the clerk of the court. The alien should be directed 
to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all the blanks in 
this form, as the information is necessary to obtain the certifi¬ 
cate of arrival, and will aid the clerk of the court in filing the 
petition for naturalization. The alien should then mail tnis form 
to the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, 
Washington, D. C. 

That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward 
to the clerk of court the certificate of arrival required by sec¬ 
tion 4 of the act of June 29, 1906, to be attached to and made 
a part of the petition at the time of its filing. The statement of 
facts will also be forwarded to the clerk of the court. Notice 
will also be given to the alien that the certificate has been sent 
to the clerk of the court named by him. 


Commissioner of Naturalization, 

U. S. Department of Labor, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir: I came to this country after June 29 , 1906 . Please ob¬ 
tain a certificate showing my arrival in the United States 

and forward it to the Clerk of the .* 

(Give on these two lines 


title of court, and city or town, and county and State where court 


is located in which the petition will be filed.) 

for filing as the law requires, with the petition for natural¬ 
ization which I intend to file in that court. 

In the accompanying statement I have given the date I 





landed and the place of my arrival and shown the facts 
which will go in my petition for naturalization when it is 
filed. 


Respectfully, 


(Sign name in full.) 


(Give address, here.) 

NOTE TO THE APPLICANT FOR NATURALIZATION: 
Please send your declaration of intention to the Bureau of 
Naturalization, with this application. It will be filed with 
the clerk of the court for you at the time the certificate of 
your arrival is sent to him. 

(Only Aliens who entered the United States through Canada 
or Mexico should answer the questions on this page, and they 
should be answered in addition to the other questions on the 
remaining pages.) 

Refer to your passport, ship’s card, and baggage labels, if 
you have any, to help you answer these questions. Mail your 
passport or ship’s card to the Bureau of Naturalization with 
this form and it will be returned after it has been examined. 

1. My full name as given at time of sailing from Europe 

was . 

2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe was_ 

3. I sailed on the vessel . 

(Give name. If you cannot remem¬ 


ber name of vessel, give the line.) 

4. The following are the names of the members of my family 

who came with me and other passengers on the vessel on 
which I sailed ... *.. 

5. I arrived at seaport of . in (Canada, Mexico), 

on . 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

6 . My destination in (Canada, Mexico) was . 

(If alien informed immigration authorities at port of embark¬ 
ation and at port of arrival in Canada or Mexico that he 
had no intention of remaining in that country, please so 
state.) 

7. I was going to join . 

(Here give name of person and address.) 

8 . I was .... examined for admission into the United States 

(If not examined, write “not” in blank space.) 

at .... 

(If you were examined on a train, state this fact also.) 

9. My full name as given when examined for admission into 

the United States was . 


8 















10 . I entered the United States on . 

at (Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

(Give name of place at border of the United States.) 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Naturalization Service. 

FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION. 

My name is .. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and cor¬ 
rect name in full.) 

Also known as . 

(If alien has used any other name in this 
country, that name should be shown on line immediately above.) 

1. My place of residence is .".. 

(Number and name of street.) 
(City or town.) (County.) 

(State, Territory, or District.) 

2. My present occupation is . 

3 . I was born on the . day of . . v 18 ...., 

at . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

and my last foreign residence was . 

(City or town.) 

(Country.) 

4 . I emigrated to the United States from . 

(Place where alien got 


on ship or train to come to the United States.) 

.on or about the .... day of., 19. ., 

Country.) 

and arrived at the port of . 

(Port of arrival.) (State.) 

on the.day of., 19. .., on the vessel. 

of the . Line, by first cabin ., second cabin 

., steerage . 

(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of 
conveyance or name of transportation company should be 
given.) 

at which time my height was .... feet .... inches; com^ 

plexion, .; color of hair, .; color of eyes,.; 

occupation, .; destined to .. 

(City or town.) 

. and accompanied by .. ... 

(State.) 

destined to . 

(Person or persons to whom destined.) 

9 





































(If the alien came under some other name than his own name, 
the name used on the steamship must be given here, or the 
record of arrival can not be found.) 


(If the alien arrived as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in 
any other manner than as a passenger, please so state.) 

5 . I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United 

States on the . day of . 19...., 

at . in the .. 

Court of .. 

(Location of court.) 

6. I am .... married. My wife’s name is . 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the name of his wife when 

living, and state place of her birth, and fact of her death; 
if not married, he should enter “not” in first sentence.) 

She was born on the . day of . 1 ...., 

at . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

and now resides at ... 

(Number and street.) 


(City or town.) (State or country.) 

I have . children, and the name , date and 

place of birth, and place of residence of each of said 


children is as follows: 


., born .... 

resides at . 

day of . . . 

I- 

• •> at . 


resides at . 

day of . . . 

., 1. 

• at . 


., born .... 

resides at . 

day of . . . 

., 1. 

• •, at . 


resides at . 

day of . . . 

., 1. 

. ., at . 


., born .... 

resides at . 

day of . . . 

., 1. 

• •, at . 


. born .... 

resides at . 

day of . . . 

., 1. 

• at . 


., born .... 

resides at . 

now owe allegiance 

day of . . . 

to . 

., 1. 

. ., at . 


(Name 

of sovereign and 

country 


Of which alien is now a subject.) 

8. I am able to speak the English language. 

9. I have resided continuously in the United States since 

the . day of 19.., and in the (Territory of, 

State, District), . since the .... day of ....,19.. 

10. I have ...... heretofore made petition for United States 

citizenship. 


10 












































(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, 
the facts required should he fully stated in the following 
blanks:) 

I previously petitioned for citizenship to the . 

Court at . 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the day of ., 1 ...., which was denied for the 

following reason: 


The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

My Declaration of Intention No., is sent with this 

application. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two 
witnesses, citizens of the United States, who have known you for 
at least five years, last past, as a resident of the State in which 
petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are a person 
of good moral character, that you are qualified in every way to 
be admitted a citizen of the United States, and who will ap¬ 
pear with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also 
be present at the hearing of the petition by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made 
for at least one year, last past, but less than five years, the 
two witnesses must verify the entire period of residence within 
said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ resi¬ 
dence in some other State must be shown at the hearing by 
the testimony of the same or other witnesses appearing in per¬ 
son, or by depositions taken under section 10 of the naturaliza¬ 
tion act of June 29, 190(5. The required form for notice to take 
depositions may be obtained from the clerk of court when pe¬ 
tition is filed. 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence, address.) 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of /witnesses who will be substituted by me if those 
appearing with me at the time of filing my petition for natur¬ 
alization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing— 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Special Notes. 

i. If the applicant is unable to establish by two 
witnesses his residence for the entire five years 
within the State where he files his petition, his 
residence elsewhere within the United States or its 
jurisdiction may be established by deposition of 


ii 










one or two other witnesses, as the case may be, to 
cover the remainder of five years. 

2. The witnesses of the applicant are required to 
be able to testify to cover the full period of State 
residence. 

The following is an exact copy of the deposition 
blank. 

NOTICE TO TAKE DEPOSITIONS UNDER SECTION 10, 
ACT JUNE 29, 1906. 


NOTE.—The Clerk of the Court will give this form to each 
petitioner who has resided outside of the State during part of 
the five years immediately preceding the date of his petition, 
if depositions are necessary to prove that residence. 

After necessary blanks on this form are filled in, the pe¬ 
titioner should sign the same at the place designated and im¬ 
mediately send this form to the appropriate Chief Naturaliza¬ 
tion Examiner, who, in turn, will thereon designate the officer, 
time, and place for taking the depositions, and transmit this 
form to the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of 
Labor, Washington, D. C. The Commissioner will acknowl¬ 
edge service upon the face hereof, serve notice on the appro¬ 
priate United States Attorney that depositions will be taken, 
immediately send this notice to the officer named, notify the 
petitioner of the officer, time, and place set, and instruct him to 
have his witnesses present. The acceptance of service by the 
United States Attorney will be duly mailed to the Clerk of 
the Court upon receipt by this Office. 

In the . Court of .. 


In the Matter of the Petition of 


To Be Admitted a Citizen of the United States 
of America. 

To the Bureau of Naturalization, Washington, D. C., 

through the Chief Naturalization Examiner at . 

My petition for Naturalization, No., filed in the above- 

named court on ., has been set for hearing ap¬ 
proximately on . 

Take notice, that in accordance with Section 10 of the 
Naturalization Act of June 29, 1906, I, the above-named pe¬ 
titioner in the above-entitled proceeding now pending in the 
above-entitled court, will proceed to take the depositions 

of . by occupation .„ 

residing at ., and ., by 

occupation ., residing at . 

who are both citizens of the United States, in support of said 

12 


^ Notice. 














petition before the officer, and at such time and place as may 
be herein designated by the said Chief Naturalization Ex¬ 
aminer, upon notice from the Bureau of Naturalization of 
said time and place. 

The said depositions are to be taken for the purpose of es¬ 
tablishing by the testimony of two citizens of the United 

States my character and residence in the State of . 

from the .... day of . ..., 19. ., to and including the .... 
day of -, 19. . 


(Petitioner must sign Iiis name here in full and 
without abbreviation.) 

Address: . 

(Number.) Street.) 

(City or town.) (State.) 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Office of the Chief Naturalization Examiner. 


I hereby designate . as the officer before 

whom these depositions will be taken, in ., 


(Cfty.) (State.) (Street address.) 

., at the hour of.M., on. 

the .... day of ...., 191.., and to continue from day tc 
day until taken. 


Chief Naturalization Examiner. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Bureau of Naturalization. 

Due service of the above notice is hereby admitted this 
.... day of . . .., 191..; and the United States Attorney for 

the.District of. has this day been 

notified that depositions will be taken in this case at the 
time and place as above stated. 


Commissioner of Naturalization. 

3. The witnesses of the applicant are required to 
appear with him when he files his petition, also at the 
final examination which takes place ninety days after 
filing his petition. 

4. If the witnesses for any cause refuse to appear 
at the final examination, the applicant may inform the 
Clerk of the Court to that effect. The Clerk will issue 

13 


















subpoenas for their appearance at the expense of the 
applicant. 

5. If the same witnesses who appeared at the time 
of the filing of the petition cannot appear at the final 
examination for cause of sickness or for being beyond 
the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant may sub¬ 
stitute one or two other witnesses, as the case may be. 

6. If the applicant during his residence within the 
United States and jurisdiction thereof has returned to 
his native country only for a visit and can prove to 
the satisfaction of the Court that the same be true, the 
time so used will be considered as a part of his con¬ 
tinuous residence within the United States, provided, 
however, he had not remained there over one year. 

Note: The applicant will be required to fill in a 
blank, which will be furnished by the Clerk of the 
Court. If he is unable to fill in this blank.he may 
obtain the assistance of some other person, and may, 
if he so desires, fill in same at his leisure. 

The applicant is required to pay a fee of four dol¬ 
lars upon filing his Petition for Naturalization (Sec¬ 
ond Paper), of which the following is an exact copy. 

Note Particularly—For use of Aliens who arrived before 
June 29, 1906. 

FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION. 

Clerk of court and applicant should read these instructions 
carefully. 

Clerks of courts should refuse to execute petitions for 
aliens who arrived in the United States after June 29, 1906, 
until certificate of arrival is furnished the clerk by the Bureau 
of Naturalization, after request of the alien on Form 2226. (See 
rule 5 of the Regulations.) 

A copy of this form (2214) should be furnished by the clerk 
of court to each applicant for a petition for naturalization who 
arrived in this country on or before June 29, 1906, so that he 
can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. 

The clerk of the court must collect the fee of .$4 before he 
commences to fill out the petition. 

No fee is chargeable for this blank or for the execution 
thereof by the clerk or deputy clerk. 

After being filled out, the form is to be returned to the 
clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the petition. 

Witnesses must be citizens of the United States. If any 
witness is a naturalized citizen, he must take his certificate of 
citizenship, or so-called second paper, to the court when the 

14 


* 


petition is filed, and also when it is heard by the court. 

My name is . 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and 


correct name in full.) 

also known as . 

(If alien 

has used any other name in this 

country, that name should be 
1 . My place of residence is 

shown on line immediately above.) 

(Number and name of street.) 

(City or town.) 

(County.) 


(State, Territory, or District.) 

2. My present occupation is . 

3 . I was born on the . day of., 18 . .. 

at ... 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

4 . I emigrated to the United States from ., 

(Place where alien got 


on ship or train to come to the United States.) 


(Country.) 

on or about the .... day of .... 1 , and arrived in the 

United States at the port of .. 


(Port of arrival.) (State.) 

day of . . .., 1 , on the vessel .. 

(If the alien arrived' otherwise than by vessel, the character of 
conveyance or name of transportation company should be given.) 

5 . I declared my intention No.to become a citizen of the 

United States on the . day of ., 1...., 

at ... in the 

Court of . in the name entered above. 

(Location of court.) 


(If the declaration does not bear true name of alien as entered 
please show on the above line the name in which first paper 
was made.) 

6. I am . married. My wife’s name is . 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the name of his wife when 
lviing, and state place of her birth and faqt of her death; 
if not married, he should enter “not” in first sentence.) 

She was born in . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

on the. day of ., 18 . .. ., and now 

resides at . 

(Number and street.) 


(City or town.) 

i5 


(State or country.) 
































I have .... children, and the name , date , and place 
of birth, and place of residence of each of said chil- 


resides at 

. . 

resides at 

.. 

resides at 

.. 

resides at 

.. 

resides at 

*.. 

resides at 


follows: 
born ... 

. day of 

...., 1 

, at 

born ... 

. day of 

...., 1 

, at 

born ... 

. day of 

..... 1 

, at 

born ... 

. day of 

1 

j a t 

born ... 

. day of 

..... 1 

, at 

born ... 

. day of 

...., 1 

, at 

born ... 

. day of 

...., 1 

, at 


resides at . 

7. I now owe allegiance to 


(Name of 


sovereign and country of 


which alien is now a subject.) 

8 . I am . able to speak the English language. 

9 . I have resided continuously in the United States since the 

... .day of_, 1 , and in the (State, Territory or Dis¬ 
trict) of . since the _day of 1 

10 . I have .... heretofore made petition for United States 
citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, 
the facts required should be fully stated in the following 
blanks:) 

I previously petitoned for citizenship to the.Court, 

at . 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the .day of . 1.. .,., which was denied 

for the following reason: 


The cause of such denial has since been cured or re¬ 
moved. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two wit¬ 
nesses, citizens of the United States, who have known you for 
at least five years, last past, as a resident of the State in which 
petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are a person 
of good moral character, that you are qualified in every way to 
be admitted' a citizen of the United States, and who will ap¬ 
pear with you before the clerk When petition is filed and also 
be present at the hearing of the petition by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for 
at least one year, last past, but less than five years, the two 
witnesses must verify the entire period of residence within said 

l6 



































State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence 
in some other State must be established at the hearing by the 
testimony of the same or other witnesses apparing in person, 
or by depositions taken under section 10 of the naturalization 
act of June 29, 1906. The required form for notice to take de¬ 
positions may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition 
is filed. 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if those 
appearing with me at the time of filing my petition for natural¬ 
ization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing— 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Each of the above-named witnesses has known me at 
least . years. 

I herewith present my Declaration of Intention to become 
a citizen of the United States. 

The Oath. 

After the final examination and the order of admis¬ 
sion to citizenship in Court, the applicant will be re¬ 
quired to take an oath. 

Oath of Allegiance. 

I hereby declare on oath that I absolutely and en¬ 
tirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and 
fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sov¬ 
ereignty, and particularly to-of whom 

I have heretofore been a subject; that I will support 
and defend the Constitution and Laws of the United 
States of America against all enemies, foreign and 
domestic; and that I will bear true faith and alle¬ 
giance to the same. 

The Issuance of the Certificate of Citizenship. 

The Certificate of Citizenship will be issued to the 
applicant by the Clerk of the Court at that time or 
such time and in such manner as the Court may direct. 


1 7 








General Information. 

Soldiers. 

Any person who has been honorably discharged 
from the Army of the United States and is twenty-one 
years of age may become a citizen without filing his 
Declaration of Intention (First Paper), provided he 
has resided for one year within the United States or 
its jurisdiction prior to the filing of his Petition for 
Naturalization (Second Paper). 

Sailors. 

Any person who has served five consecutive years 
in the United States Navy, or one enlistment in the 
United States Marine Corps, or who has completed 
four years in the Naval Auxiliary Service and has an 
honorable discharge, may file his Petition for Natur¬ 
alization (Second Paper) and become a citizen of the 
United States without filing his Declaration of In¬ 
tention (First Paper). 

Seaman. 

Any foreign born seaman may become a citizen of 
the United States by filing his Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion and subsequently serving three years on board an 
American Merchant Vessel, and securing therefrom 
an honorable discharge, which he must exhibit. 

Widow and Minor Children. 

When a person dies after filing his Declaration of 
Intention (First Paper), his wife and minor children 
may be naturalized on his Declaration of Intention. 

Adoption of Alien Children by American Citizens. 

In cases where an American citizen adopts an alien 
child, the child so adopted is not considered an Amer¬ 
ican citizen although a minor at the time of adoption. 

18 


Wife of a Naturalized Citizen. 

The wife of a naturalized citizen is considered a 
citizen of the United States, provided that she is re¬ 
siding within the United States or its jurisdiction. 

The General Rule. 

The general rule is that the citizenship of the wife 
follows that of the husband. 

Lost Papers. 

In order to secure a duplicate of a lost First Paper 
or Certificate of Naturalization, issued since Septem¬ 
ber 26, 1906, the applicant is required by law to make 
an affidavit as to when, how, and under what circum¬ 
stances the same was lost. The affidavit is then sub¬ 
mitted for its investigation to the United States De¬ 
partment of Labor, Bureau of Naturalization, at 
Washington, D. C. The applicant may secure a du¬ 
plicate if the Clerk is so authorized by the said Bu¬ 
reau, but not otherwise. 

Naturalization Laws. 

Any person who attempts to secure naturalization 
papers by perjury or fraud, or aids to fraudulently se¬ 
cure by false representations concerning same, or to 
have naturalization papers unlawfully in his posses¬ 
sion, will be subject to prosecution and shall be fined 
not more than five thousand dollars, or imprisoned 
not more than five years, or both. 

Changing of Names. 

Any applicant who desires to have his name changed 
may, provided the request is for justifiable grounds, 
be allowed so to do by order of the Court at the time 
of his admission to citizenship and his Certificate of 
Citizenship will be so issued. The request must be 
made at the time of the filing of his petition. 

19 


Date of Arrival and Name of Steamship. 

If the applicant does not know definitely the date 
of his arrival and the name of the Steamship, he may 
obtain same by writing to the Commissioner of Immi¬ 
gration at the port where he arrived within the United 
States or its jurisdiction. 

In order to obtain this information the applicant 
must give an approximate date of sailing and the 
name of the Steamship Company, the name of the port 
from which he sailed, and an approximate date of his 
arrival within the United States. 

Certificate of Arrival. 

In order to obtain a Certificate of Arrival the ap¬ 
plicant must fill in a blank which will be furnished by 
the Clerk of the Court and forward same to the 
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Nat¬ 
uralization, at Washington, D. C. The said depart¬ 
ment may furnish the Clerk of the Court with the 
certificate and notify the applicant also. 

Qualified Voter. 

1. In order to vote, the naturalized citizen must 
appear before the Registrars of Voters in his City or 
Town (Election Commissioners in Boston) for regis¬ 
tration, present his Certificate of Citizenship and 
make oath that he is the person named therein, read 
a section of the Constitution and sign his name, after 
which he will be registered and his name placed upon 
the voting list. 

2. To have his name placed upon the voting list, 
the applicant must be on the list compiled by the as¬ 
sessors of the City or Town (compiled by the Police 
in Boston), or must obtain a certificate of supplemen¬ 
tary assessment from the Assessors or Election Com¬ 
missioners. This list contains the names of all 
males of twenty years or over. 


20 


HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 


Discoveries and Colonization. 


Christopher Columbus, an Italian, native of 
Genoa, discovered America on October 12, 1492. 
He believed that the earth was round (contrary to 
the general opinion in those days) and, with" the 
aid of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, 
went in search of a shorter route to India which 
he believed that he could reach by sailing directly 
west. 

Amerigo Vespucci (Americus Vespucius), also 
an Italian, native of Florence, visited the New 
World in the year 1499 and in the course of four 
years following made two more voyages. On his 
return to Europe, he wrote a full account of what he 
had seen which was published in 1504. A German 
professor of geography suggested the name “Amer¬ 
ica” for the New World after the first name of the 
author, and since then the name “America” has 
been applied to this continent. 

Explorers soon found out that the newly dis¬ 
covered land was a new continent and not a portion 
of Asia. Therefore, many attempts were made to 
find a way through or around it. Various nations 
of Europe came over to claim its territory. Spain, 
England, France and Holland were quite active and 
explorers were commissioned by them to take pos¬ 
session of the land in the name of their respective 
sovereigns. In addition to these expeditions, there 
were many who came to the New World for other 
motives, such as to acquire riches, to escape the 
tortures of religious persecutions and to Christian¬ 
ize the natives. 

Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard in search of gold and 
in the hope of finding the “Fountain of Youth,” 


21 




which was then generally believed to exist, discov¬ 
ered Florida in 1513. It was called “Florida” be¬ 
cause it was discovered on Easter Sunday, called 
in Spanish “Pascua Florida.” 

De Soto, in an effort to find treasures of gold and 
to conquer the Indians, discovered the Mississippi 
River in the year 1539. 

Menendez, also a Spaniard sent out by his gov¬ 
ernment to lead an expedition against the French 
intruders in Florida, finally was able to drive them 
out and founded the city of St. Augustine in the 
year 1565, the first permanent settlement and the 
oldest city in America. 

The English settled at Jamestown in the year 
1607 under the charters of King James I. The set¬ 
tlers, under these charters, were to enjoy all rights 
and privileges possessed by English citizens in 
England, This was the first permanent English 
settlement in America. 

Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the employ of 
Holland, discovered the Hudson River in the year 
1613. This river was named after, him. He 
ascended to where the City of Albany, the capital of 
New York, now stands. The Dutch 'afterwards, in 
the year 1613, founded a colony at the mouth of 
the Hudson River which they named New Amster¬ 
dam and which is now New York City. 

On July 30, 1619, the first representative assem¬ 
bly was held in America, and in the same year the 
first slaves were brought to the United States. 

The Puritans, persecuted on account of their dif¬ 
ference in religious belief, after many years of wan¬ 
dering, came to America and landed at Plymouth 
on December 21, 1620. The Puritans were later 
known as “Pilgrims” because of their wanderings. 

In 1624, Virginia became a royal province and 
remained so for one hundred and fifty years, that 
‘is, to the beginning of the American Revolution. 


22 


In 1630, the English made a settlement which they 
called Shawmut and which was afterwards called 
Boston. 

The Quakers, under William Penn, settled Penn¬ 
sylvania and in 1634 the Catholics, under Lord 
Baltimore, settled Maryland in order to secure re¬ 
ligious’freedom. New Jersey was sold to the Quak¬ 
ers and settled by them, and William Penn afterwards 
founded the Delaware, folony. 

The Carolinas and Georgia were settled much later 
by various peoples. 

In 1664 the English, under Nicolls, took possession 
of the New Netherlands and changed its name to 
New York. England thus had control of the Atlantic 
Coast of North America, while the French held 
Canada and the Mississippi Valley and the Spanish, 
Florida and Mexico. 

The desire of supremacy and territorial acquisitions 
by these nations led to the Intercolonial Wars. The 
first three wars were known as King William’s War 
(1689-97), Queen Ann’s War (1702-13) and King 
George’s War (1744-48), and were named after the 
then reigning monarchs in England. These wars 
made little change in the territorial possessions of 
France and England.' 

The French and Indian Wars (1754-63) were the 
last of the Intercolonial Wars. After several re¬ 
verses, due partly to the ignorance of the British 
generals, the English finally succeeded in capturing 
Quebec, “The Gibralter of America,” in 1759, which 
ended the war. 

In 1763, a treaty of peace was signed whereby 
Canada was given to Great Britain. France gave up 
New Orleans and the vast territory of Louisiana to 
Spain. Spain gave up Florida to Great Britain. 
England thus had control of North America east of 
the Mississippi River. The supremacy of the Eng- 

23 


lish was then established. The fighting of the col¬ 
onists shoulder to shoulder during the war fostered 
the spirit of union among them. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

England regarded her colonies merely as sources of 
gain. Dutch vessels had been carrying the commerce 
of America to a great extent, and in 1651 England 
determined to acquire a monopoly of the profitable 
trade, and passed a law by Parliament known as the 
“Navigation Acts.” 

The Navigation Acts provided that only English or 
Colonial vessels might carry products to the colonies 
and that all goods imported by the colonists must 
come from some English port. In order to evade 
these discriminating laws, smuggling was resorted to. 
The laws were poorly enforced, and the revenue offi¬ 
cers themselves were sometimes guilty of smuggling. 
When George III ascended the throne, rigid enforce¬ 
ment of the Navigation Acts was decided upon. Writs 
of Assistance were issued, giving customs officers the 
right to enter any man’s house and search for smug¬ 
gled goods. The enforcement of the Navigation Acts 
by the customs officers embittered the colonists and 
aroused the spirit of opposition to the British rule. 

In 1765, England passed an act called the Stamp 
Act. This Act required all the colonists to use stamps 
on all important documents, pamphlets and newspa¬ 
pers, and was greeted with the utmost protest and in¬ 
dignation. The colonists claimed that England had 
no right to tax them without representation in Parlia¬ 
ment, which was contrary to the rights of the citizens 
of England. 

P&rick Henry of Virginia represented the senti¬ 
ments of the people and aroused their patriotism by 
his eloquent speeches. James Otis of Massachusetts 
emphatically denounced the injustice of Great Britain, 
24 


declaring that “Taxation without representation is 
Tyranny.” Samuel Adams, the “Father of the Revo¬ 
lution,” also denounced the Act, which was repealed 
in 1766, but England still claimed the right to tax the 
colonists. 

In 1767, another tax was ordered requiring a duty 
to be paid on all imported glass, paper, paints and 
tea. This tax also was resisted and Parliament de¬ 
cided to remove all the taxes except a very low tax on 
tea. But the colonists were now opposed to the prin¬ 
ciple of taxation without representation, and the 
shiploads of tea sent over to America were either sent 
back or destroyed. 

About this time Great Britain was maintaining a 
standing army in America which was supported by 
the colonists. The acts of opposition by the colonists 
enraged the King of England, and a law was passed 
closing the port of Boston until a reparation should 
be made. 

On December 16, 1773, the colonists disguised 
themselves as Indians and during the night went on 
board the British vessel in Boston Harbor, laden 
with tea, and emptied its contents into the harbor. 
This incident was later known as the “Boston Tea 
Party.” 

There were frequent quarels between the soldiers 
and the colonists. In one of these quarrels, which oc¬ 
curred on March 5, 1770, five persons were killed. 
This is known as “The Boston Massacre,” sometimes 
referred to as “the first bloodshed of the American 
Revolution.” 

The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia 
on September 5, 1774 and petitioned England for re¬ 
dress of their grievances. All the colonies except 
Georgia were represented in this Congress. 

From Massachusetts came the most violent oppo¬ 
sition to England, and troops had been sent over to 
2S 


force the colonists into submission. Therefore, most 
of the early military operations of the war occurred 
in Massachusetts. On the evening of April 18, 4775, 
Paul Revere saw the lantern hung from the belfry of 
the old North Church in Boston as a signal of the 
movements of the British troops in Boston towards 
Concord to capture the powder stores of the colonists. 
He then rode on horseback from house to house, 
awakening the occupants and informing them of the 
approach of the British soldiers. This is now known 
as the “Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.” 

On the morning of April 19, 1775, the first real 
fighting between the British and the colonists took 
place in Lexington, later the same day at Concord. 
April 19 is a legal holiday in Massachusetts, called 
“Patriot’s Day.” 

On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress 
met in Philadelphia and appointed George Washing¬ 
ton Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. 

The first important battle of the war was the Bat¬ 
tle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Although the col¬ 
onists were compelled, from the lack of ammunition 
to retreat, still it showed England the determination 
of the colonists to protect their rights. 

George Washington took command of the Ameri¬ 
can Army in Cambridge, Mass., on July 3, 1775, and 
during the winter of 1775-6 laid siege to Boston and 
as a result, the British were forced to evacuate Bos¬ 
ton on March 17, 1776 (Evacuation Day). * 

In June, 1776, a resolution was offered bv Richard 
Henry Lee of Virginia in the Continental Congress 
that the United Colonies should be free and independ¬ 
ent States. This was seconded by John Adams of 
Massachusetts. A committee was appointed to draw 
up a Declaration of Independence. The Declaration 
was written by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 
4, 1776, by the representatives of the thirteen coto- 
26 


nies, namely: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Vir¬ 
ginia, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, New Jersey and Georgia. This was the be¬ 
ginning of the United States of America, and is the 
reason why the fourth day of July is celebrated 
throughout the country every year. (Independence 
Day.) 

The English, after considerable opposition from 
Washington, finally succeded in gaining possession of 
the City of New York. Washington retreated across 
New Jersey, closely pursued by the British under 
Cornwallis. At Trenton, he crossed the Delaware 
River and prevented the enemy from following by 
seizing all the boats on that part of the river. 

On Christmas night, 1776, Washington, with a 
force of two thousand men, recrossed the Delaware 
River and Surprised the British, taking over one 
thousand prisoners and a large amount of ammuni¬ 
tion. This unexpected victory revived the miserable 
and disheartened spirits of the American soldiers. 
About this time their families were destitute, and the 
paper money issued by the Continental Congress had 
practically no purchasing power, but Robert Morris/ 
a prominent financier of Philadelphia, Came to 
George Washington’s assistance with a loan of fifty 
thousand dollars in coin. This saved the army at a 
most critical time, and soon after, Washington out¬ 
witted Cornwallis and gained an important victory 
at Princeton. 

Washington prevented the British from taking 
Philadelphia by land. Howe returned to New York 
and fitted out a naval expedition against the City of 
Philadelphia, then capital of the United States. He 
sailed up the Chesapeake River in order to avoid the 
fortifications on the Delaware River, marched north¬ 
ward, met and defeated Washington at Brandywine 

27 


Creek and gained possession of the City of Philadel¬ 
phia. After an unsuccesful attack on the British, 
Washington stayed operations and spent the winter 
of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. 

While Generals Howe and Cornwallis had been 
carrying on their» operations in Southern New York, 
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, an expedition had 
been started under General Burgoyne from the north. 
General Burgoyne was to march down from Canada 
and effect a junction with forces under General 
Howe, thus securing control of the Hudson River 
and dividing the colonies in two. The expedition, 
fortunately, was a failure. Washington delayed 
Howe, while Schuyler and Arnold succeeded in 
weakening Burgoyne’s army so that the British were 
defeated at Bennington and later at Saratoga. Gen¬ 
eral Burgoyne and his entire army of six thousand 
men were forced to surrender on October 17, 1777. 
This was a severe blow to the British, and helped the 
United States to receive the aid of France. 

France acknowledged the independence of the 
United States on February; 6, 1778, and promised 
Benjamin Franklin, our Minister to France, to send 
money, ships, and men. 

In 1778 and ’79, George Roger Clark led a success¬ 
ful expedition into the Northwest and secured for the 
United States the land north of the Ohio and east of 
the Mississippi, which now contains the States of 
Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan. 

Generals Marion and Sumpter carried on a per¬ 
sistent warfare and were aided greatly by the skilful 
tactics of General Greene. About this time, Lafay¬ 
ette, a young French nobleman, came here to assist 
the Americans and a French fleet under Admiral 
De Grasse arrived and blockaded the Chesapeake 
River and prevented Cornwallis’ escape from York- 
town. Washington was thus enabled to compel Lord 

28 


Cornwallis to surrender the British army at York- 
town on October 19, 1781. 

On September 3, 1783, a treaty of peace was signed 
at Paris by the American and British Ministers. The 
Independence of the United States was acknowl¬ 
edged with the following territorial boundaries: 
North by Canada, West by the Mississippi River, and 
South by Florida, which was transferred to Spain. 

The Constitution of the United States was adopted 
at Philadelphia on September 17, 1787 and George 
Washington was inaugurated the first President of 
the United States in New York on April 30, 1789. 

The United States in 1789 was far different from 
the United States of today. The free white popula¬ 
tion numbered 3,200,000 and there were 700,000 
slaves. This population was scattered along the 
Coast from Maine to Florida. Philadelphia was the 
capital of the United States at that time. 

During President Adams’ first administration in 
1 798-99, the United States came very near going to 
war with France. Several battles were actually 
fought upon the sea, but Napoleon Bonaparte became 
the first Consul of France and war was happily 
averted. The City of Washington became the capital 
in 1800. 

On April 30, 1803, the United States purchased 
from France the Louisiana Territory for $15,000,000. 


WAR OF 1812. 

Great Britain interfered with the commerce of the 
United States and on June 19 1812, the United States 
declared war on Great Britain. 

General Hull, who was in command of the Ameri¬ 
can forces in Detroit, surrendered that city and the 
State of Michigan to the British without firing a gun. 


29 


The British warships plundered and burned some At¬ 
lantic ports. The English invaders also burned the 
City of Washington, the capital of the United States. 

General Jackson drove the British from New Or¬ 
leans, and the frigate “Constitution,” sometimes 
called “Old Ironsides,” made an especially brilliant 
record in naval warfare with the British. 

Perry's celebrated victory on Lake Erie bn Septem¬ 
ber io, 1813 and Macdonough’s victory on Lake 
Champlaine terminated the war, leaving the United 
States victorious. 

A treaty of peace was signed on December 24, 
1814. 

After the war of 1812, a new national enthusiasm 
prevailed. Sectionalism was swept away. President 
Munroe’s administration was known as the “Era of 
Good Feeling,” and the United States grew in wealth 
and populatiQn. Manufacturing was begun in the 
North and agriculture flourished in the South and 
West. Immigration from Europe began to flow in 
and people began to flock in to the western States in 
large numbers. 

On April 4, 1818 Congress passed an act establish¬ 
ing the “Stars and Stripes” as the flag of the United 
States. 

The United States purchased Florida from Spain 
on February 22, 1819, for $5,000,000. O11 December 
2, 1823, the United States adopted the policy called 
the Munroe Doctrine which stated that any attempt by 
European powers to gain a foothold in either North 
or South America would be considered a hostile act. 

MEXICAN WAR. 

The United States declared war on Mexico on 
May 11, 1846, over a boundary dispute between 
Texas and Mexico. The war ended with General 


30 


Scott in possession of the City of Mexico and United 
States troops occupying New Mexico and California. 
Mexico surrendered on September 8, 1847, the Texas 
boundary claim was acknowledged and California 
and New Mexico were given up to the United States. 
A treaty of peace was signed on February 2, 1848. 

In 1846 by a treaty with England the so-called Ore¬ 
gon boundary line was settled, establishing the line 
between the United States and Canada. 

THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865. 

Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President 
March 4, 1861, and the Civil War was commenced by 
the firing of the Confederates upon Fort Sumpter on 
April 12, 1861. The Civil War was fighting within 
the United States between the Northern and Southern 
states. The Southern States were in favor of slavery 
on account of their large plantations which required 
a great number of helpers, while the North dreaded 
the thought of slavery. Slavery and secession of a 
number of the Southern States were the causes of the 
Civil War. The Northern Army was known as the 
Union Army, and the Southern Army as the Confed¬ 
erate Army. 

The Union blockaded all Southern ports so as to 
cut off supplies. This was one of the most important 
factors in securing the submission of the Con¬ 
federacy. 

The Union forces, by April, 1862, had possession 
of the Mississippi River as far south as Vicksburg. 
On April 25, 1862, Farragut’s fleet took New Orleans 
and on July 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered to Gen¬ 
eral Grant. A few days later on July 9, Port Hudson 
also surrendered. This opened the Mississippi River 
so as to cut the Confederate army in two, and gave 
the North an outlet to the Gulf of Mexico. This put 

31 


the situation entirely in the control of the Union 
forces. 

General Grant, after a hard campaign, succeeded in 
capturing Petersburg (situated near Richmond) on 
April 2, 1865. The next day, he entered Richmond, 
which General Lee, the Confederate Commander, had 
evacuated. A few days later, April 9, 1865, Lee sur¬ 
rendered the Confederate Army to Grant at Appo¬ 
mattox Court House, near Richmond. This ended the 
great contest. The success of the Union Army as¬ 
sured the preservation of the Union and the abolition 
of slavery. 

In 1867 the United States purchased Alaska from 
Russia for $7,200,000. 

THE SPANISH WAR. 

Spain misruled Cuba, and the United States could 
not avoid being interested in its welfare because it 
was so near the shores of the United States. The 
United States aided the Cubans as much as possible, 
but still, at the same time, tried to keep a friendly or 
neutral attitude. Spain resented the American inter¬ 
ference, and on February 15, 1898, the United States 
battleship “Maine,” which was on a friendly visit to 
Cuba, was mysteriously blown up in Havana Harbor. 
This caused Congress to declare war against Spain on 
April 19, 1898. 

Admiral Dewey completely destroyed the Spanish 
fleet in. Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 without loss of a 
single sailor, and Commodore Schley destroyed the 
Spanish fleet at Santiago on July 3, 1898. General 
Miles captured Porto Rico on July 17, 1898, thus end¬ 
ing the war. A treaty of peace was signed on De¬ 
cember 10, 1898. Spain gave up all claim to Cuba, 
which became an independent Republic and gave up 
Porto Rico and other West Indian Islands, Guam one 

32 ; 


of the Ladrone Islands and the Philippine Islands to 
the United States. Spain also gave up the Philip¬ 
pines, receiving in exchange twenty million dollars 
($20,000,000). 

In 1898 Hawaii was annexed to the United States. 
THE GERMAN WAR. 

Owing to the persistency of the German Govern¬ 
ment to pursue its so-called “Ruthless Submarine 
Warfare,” the United States felt obliged to sever dip¬ 
lomatic relations with the German Empire and even¬ 
tually, on April 6, 1917, declared that a state of war 
existed with Germany. 

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The United States of America is a Union of forty- 
eight states with three territories and other depend¬ 
ent possessions. The United States has a Repub¬ 
lican form of government, the chief executive being 
the President, whose official residence is in the White 
House at Washington, D. C., the capital city of the 
United States. 

The Declaration of Independence was signed on 
July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen 
original states, which are as follows: New Hamp¬ 
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey and 
Georgia. These states declared their independence 
from England. This was the beginning of the govern¬ 
ment of the United States and on September 17, 1787 
they adopted the Constitution of the United States, 
which is the fundamental law by which the United 
States is governed. This Constitution went into effect 
on March 4, 1789. The objects of the Constitution 
were “To form a more perfect union, establish jus- 
33 


tice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com¬ 
mon defense, promote the general welfare and secure 
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos¬ 
terity.” The Constitution may be amended or 
changed by two-thirds majority of the Congress, and 
approved by three-quarters of the States. So far, 
there have been seventeen amendments to the Consti¬ 
tution. Under the Constitution, the President, and 
also the Vice-President, holds office for a term of 
four years. The President and Vice-President are 
elected by the electors chosen by the voters of each 
State. In case the electors fail to choose a President 
and Vice-President, the House of Representatives 
shall choose the President and the Senate* shall 
choose the Vice-President. The President and Vice- 
President are elected in November of every fourth 
year. They are inaugurated on the fourth day of 
March following the election. The duties and the 
powers of the President are to cause the laws to be 
executed. He also has power either to approve or 
veto laws passed by Congress. The President must 
sign his name to a bill before it becomes a law, ex¬ 
cept as hereinafter specified, but he may refuse to do 
so. If he refuses so to sign and if he does not return 
it to Congress approved or vetoed within ten days, it 
becomes a law without his signature. If he does veto 
a bill, it may become a law by a vote of at least two- 
thirds of the members of each House of Congress. 
The President, with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, has the power to make treaties with foreign 
nations. 

The chief assistants of the President are the mem¬ 
bers of his Cabinet, who are ten in number. If the 
President should die, the Vice-President serves as 
President, and if the Vice-President should die the 
members of the President's Cabinet serve as Presi¬ 
dent in the order of their importance. The President 

34 


may be elected for more than two terms, but this is 
contrary to custom. No person who is born a subject 
of a foreign government, even though a naturalized 
citizen, may be elected President of the United States. 
To be elected President of the United States, one 
must be a native born American, thirty-five years of 
age and a resident of the United States at least four- 
ten years. A woman born in the United States may 
become President of the United States under the 
Constitution, but this has never occurred. 

DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT. 

Under the Constitution of the United States, three 
Departments of Government are established. They 
are known as the Legisative, Executive and Judicial 
Departments. 

The Legislative Department makes the laws by 
which this country is governed. The body making 
the laws for the United States is known as the Con¬ 
gress, which is divided into two branches, namely the 
Senate and the House of Representatives. This 
Congress meets in Washington, D. C., once a year on 
the first Monday in December and more often if 
called by the President. The Senate is presided over 
by the Vice-President of the United States. The 
Senators are elected two from each of the several 
states and hold office for a term of six years. Before 
they are eligible for this office, they must be thirty 
years of age and nine years a citizen of the United 
States and an inhabitant of the state from which they 
are chosen. The House of Representatives elects its 
own presiding officer, called the “Speaker.” The 
Representatives are elected by the direct vote of the 
people and hold office for a term of two years. Each 
state is divided into Congressional Districts, one rep¬ 
resentative being elected from each of these Districts. 
Each state is entitled to one Representative, approxi- 
35 


mately for each two hundred and eighteen thousand 
people. If a state has not a population of two hun¬ 
dred and eighteen thousand people, it is at least , en¬ 
titled to one Representative in Congress. In order to 
be elected a Representative, a person must be twenty- 
five years of age, seven years a citizen of the United 
States and an inhabitant of the state from which he is 
chosen. 

Congress has power to make the laws, impose taxes 
and appropriate money for carrying on the purposes 
of the government. Bills may originate in either 
branch of Congress except that all bills for raising 
revenue must originate in the House of Represen¬ 
tatives. 

The Executive Department executes and enforces 
the laws of the United States. It is made up of the 
President and his Cabinet. The official titles of the 
Cabinet officers are as follows: Secretary of State, 
Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney- 
General, Post-master General, Secretary of Navy, 
Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, 
Secretary of Commence and Secretary of Labor. 

The Judicial Department interprets and applies the 
laws and determines their Constitutionality. It com¬ 
prises the United States Supreme Court and such in¬ 
ferior courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The Supreme Court sits in 
Washington, D. C. The judges of the United States 
Supreme Court are appointed by the President with 
the consent of the Senate and hold office for life or 
during good behavior. Of these judges, there is one 
Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. 

THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The State government is similar in form to that of 
the United States government. Each State has a 
36 


Constitution of its own ,which must be approved by 
Congress before the State may be admitted to the 
Union. The chief executive of a State is the Gov¬ 
ernor. The Governor is elected by the voters direct 
and his term, of office varies in the several states. 
The Governor’s duties are to cause the laws to be 
executed. He also has power to approve or veto the 
laws made by the State Legislature. 


THE DEPARTMENTS OF STATE GOVERN¬ 
MENT. 

The State Government, like that of the United 
States, is divided into three departments, namely: 
The Legislative, Executive and Judicial. 

The Legislative Department makes the laws of a 
State. It is divided into two branches, namely the 
Senate and the House of Representatives. The Sen¬ 
ators are elected by the voters direct. The require¬ 
ments for election for the office of a Senator differ in 
the several states. The Representatives are elected 
by the voters direct. The Senate elects its own Pres¬ 
ident. The House of Representatives elects its. own 
Speaker. 

The Executive Department executes and enforces 
the laws. It is made up of the Governor and his 
Council. The Councillors are elected by the voters 
direct. 

The Judicial Department interprets and- applies the 
laws and determines their Constitutionality. It is 
made up of the Supreme Judicial Court and various 
inferior courts. The Judges of all the Courts are 
usually appointed bv the Governor and hold office 
for life or during good behavior. In those States, 
where they are not appointed by the Governor, they 
$re elected. 


37 


THE CITY AND TOWN GOVERNMENTS. 

A city receives its Charter from the State Legisla¬ 
ture. The Mayor is the chief executive of a city and 
he is elected by the voters direct. Any citizen is eli¬ 
gible for the office of Mayor provided he is a duly 
qualified voter in the City in which he seeks office. 
The Mayor’s term of office as well as his duties and 
powers are determined by the City Charter. Each 
city makes its own by-laws. 


A Town is governed 
usually three in number, 
meetings usually to serve 

STATES 
1 . Alabama 
2 Arizona 

3. Arkansas 

4. California 

5. Colorado 

6. Connecticut 

7. Delaware 

8. Florida 

9. Georgia 

10. Idaho 

11 . Illinois 

12. Indiana 

13. Iowa 

14. Kansas 

15. Kentucky 

16. Louisiana 

17. Maine 

18. Maryland 

19. Massachusetts 

20. Michigan 
21 Minnesota 
22. Mississippi 
23 Missouri 

24. Montana 

25. Nebraska 

26. Nevada 

27. New Hampshire 

28. New Jersey 

29. New Mexico 


by a Board of Selectmen, 
elected at the annual town 
for one year. 

CAPITALS. 

Montgomery 

Phoenix 

Little Rock 

Sacramento 

Denver 

Hartford 

Dover 

Tallahassee 

Atlanta 

Boise 

Springfield 
Indianapolis 
Des Moines 
Topeka 
Frankfort 
Baton Rouge 
Augusta 
Annapolis 
Boston . 

Lansing 
St. Paul 
Jackson 
Jefferson City 
Helena 
Lincoln 
Carson City 
Concord 
Trenton 
Santa Fe 


38 


30. New York 

31. North Carolina 

32. North Dakota 

33. Ohio 

34. Oklahoma 

35. Oregon 

36. Pennsylvania 

37. Rhode Island 
38 South Carolina 

39. South Dakota 

40. Tennessee 

41. Texas 
42 Utah 

43. Vermont 

44. Virginia 

45. Wasliinglon 

46. West Virginia 

47. Wisconsin 

48. Wyoming 


Albany 
Raleigh 
Bismarck 
r iJ. ! Columbus 

Oklahoma City 

Salem 

Harrisburg 

Providence 

Columbia; 

Pierre 

Nashville 

Austin 

Salt Lake City 

Montpelier 

Richmond 

Olympia 

Charleston 

Madison 

Cheyenne 


TERRITORIES. 

District of Columbia, over which Congress has ex¬ 
clusive jurisdiction, Hawaii and Alaska. 

POSSESSIONS. 

Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Tutuila, Samoan 
Group, Island of Guam, Ladrone Group, Midway Is¬ 
lands, west of Honolulu, Wake Islands, Panama 
Canal Zone, Guam Islands. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. George Washington, Virginia, 1789-1797. 

2. John Adams, Massachusetts, 1797-1801. 

3. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, 1801-1809. 

4. James Madison, Virginia, 1809-1817. 

5. James Monroe, Virginia, 1817-1825. 

6. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, 1825-1829. 

7. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 1829-1837. 

8. Martin Van Buren, New York, 1837-^1841. 

39 


g. William H. Harrison, Ohio (one month in office 
* and died) 1841. 

10. John Tyler, Virginia (balance of term), 1841- 

1845- 

11. James K. Polk, Tennessee, 1845-1849. 

12. Zachary Taylor, Louisiana (1 year and 4 months 

in office and died), 1849-1850. 

13. Millard Fillmore, New York (balance of term), 

1850-1853. 

14. Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, 1853-1857. 

15. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, 1857-1861. 

16. Abraham Lincoln, Illinois (one term and 6 

weeks), 1861-1865. 

17. Andrew Johnson, Tennessee (balance of term), 

1865-1869. 

18. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, 1869-1877. 

19. Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, i 877*- i 88 i . 

20. James A. Garfield, Ohio (6 months, 15 days in 

office and died), 1881. 

21. Chester A. Arthur, New York (3 years, 5 

months, 15 days in office and died, 1881- 

1885. 

22. Grover Cleveland, New York, 1885-1889. 

23. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, 1889-1893. 

24. Grover Cleveland, New York, 1893-1897. 

25. William McKinley Ohio, (one term and part of 

second) 1897-1901. 

26. Theodore Roosevelt, New York, 1901-1909. 

27. William H. Taft, Ohio, 1909,-1913. 

28. Woodrow Wilson, New Jersey, 1913-1921. 


40 


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
IN CONGRESS. 

July 4, 1776. 

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION 
of the 

THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political 
bands which have connected them with another, and 
to assume, among the powers of the earth, the sep¬ 
arate and equal station to which the laws of nature 
and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to 
the opinions of mankind requires that they should de¬ 
clare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
are created equal, that they are endowed, by their 
Creator, with certain unalienable rights, that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
That to secure these rights, governments are insti¬ 
tuted among men, deriving their just powers from 
the consent of the governed, that whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such 
form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, 
that governments long established should not be 
changed for light and transient causes; and accord¬ 
ingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are 
more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to 
which they are accustomed. P>ut when a long train 

4 T 


of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, 
to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of the 
present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated 
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object 
the estabishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws, the most whole¬ 
some *and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im¬ 
mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in 
their operation till his assent should be obtained; and 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend 
to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accom¬ 
modation of large districts of people, unless those 
people would relinquish the right of representation in 
the legislature, a right inestimable to them, and for¬ 
midable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places 
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the deposi¬ 
tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, 
for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the 
rights of the people. • 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolu¬ 
tions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the leg¬ 
islative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re¬ 
turned to the people at large for their exercise; the 
State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 

42 


dangers of invasion from without and convulsions 
within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of 
these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws 
for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migration hither, and rais¬ 
ing the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, 
for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and 
payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat 
out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
armies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent 
of and superior to the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a 
jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unac¬ 
knowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops 
among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish¬ 
ment for any murders which they should commit on 
the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the 
world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For denriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of 
trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for 
pretended offenses: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in 

43 


a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbi¬ 
trary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so 
as to render it at once an example and fit instrument 
for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col¬ 
onies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms 
of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in 
all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us 
out of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, 
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of 
foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, 
desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circum¬ 
stances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in 
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken cap¬ 
tive on the high seas, to bear arms against their coun¬ 
try, to become the executors of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, 
and has endeavored, to bring on the inhabitants of 
our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc¬ 
tion of all ages, sexes and conditions. 

Tn every stage of these oppressions we have peti¬ 
tioned for redress in the most humble terms: our re¬ 
peated petitions have been answered onlv by repeated 
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by 
everv act which mav define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 
ruler of a free people. 


44 


Nor have we been wanting in attention to our 
British brethren. We have warned them, from time 
to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re¬ 
minded them of the circumstances of our emigration 
and settlement here. We have appealed to their na¬ 
tive justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. 
We must, therfore, acquiesce in the necessity which 
denounces our separation and hold them, as we hold 
the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United 
States of America in General Congress assembled, 
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the 
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by 
the authority of the good people of these Colonies, 
solemnly publish and declare, That these United Col¬ 
onies are, and of right ought to be, free and independ¬ 
ent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance 
to the British crown, and that all political connection 
between them and the State of Great Britain is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as free and 
independent States , they have full power to levy war, 
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com¬ 
merce, and to do all other acts and things which in¬ 
dependent States may of right do. And for the 'sup¬ 
port of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of the Divine Providence, we mutually 
pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 
sacred honor. JOHN HANCOCK. 

Georgia—Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. 
Walton. 

South Carolina—Edward Rutledge, Thos, Hey¬ 
ward, junr., Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton. 

45 


Virginia—George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, 
Thos. Jefferson, Benj. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Light foot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

Delaware—Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. 
M’Kean. 

New Jersey—Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, 
Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. 

Massachusetts Bay—Sami. Adams, John Adams, 
Robt. Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

North Carolina—Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

Maryland—Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 

Pennsylvania—Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, 
Benja. Franklin, John Morton, Geo. Clymer, fas. 
Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. 

New York—Wm. Flo^d, Phil. Livingston, Fran’s. 
Lewis, Lewig Morris. 

New Hampshire—Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Connecticut—Roger Sherman, Sami. Huntington, 
Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Rhode Island and Providence, £tc.—Step. Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

IN CONGRESS, 

Ordered: January 18, 1777. 


That an authenticated copy of the Declaration of 
Independence, with the names of the Members of 
Congress subscribing the same, be sent to each of 
the United States, and that they be desired to have 
the same put on record. 

By order of Congress. 

JOHN HANCOCK, 


A true copy, 

John Hancock, 
Presidt. 


Secy. 


46 


President. 


THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to 
form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure 
domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain 
and establish this constitution for the United States 
of America. 


ARTICLE I. 

Section i. 

i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be 
vested in a congress of the United States, which shall 
consist of a senate and house of representatives. 

Section 2. 

1. The house of representatives shall be composed 
of members chosen every scond year by the people of 
the several States; and the electors in each State shall 
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and 
been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor¬ 
tioned among the several States which may be in¬ 
cluded within this Union, according to their respec¬ 
tive members, which shall be determined by adding to 
the whole number of free persons, including those 
bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the congress of the 

47 


United States, and within every subsequent term of 
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of representatives shall not exceed one 
for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have 
at least one representative; and until such enumera¬ 
tion shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Con¬ 
necticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; 
Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland six; 
Virginia ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, 
five ; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the executive authority thereof shall 
issue writs of. election to all such vacancies. 

5. The house of representatives shall choose their 
speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

Section 3. 

1. The senate of the United States shall be com¬ 
posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the 
legislature thereof, for six years, and each senator 
shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of 
the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the 
expiration of the second year, of the second class at 
the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one- 
third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan¬ 
cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the 
recess of the legislature of any State, the executive 
thereof, may make temporary appointments Until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill 
such vacancies. 


' 3* No person shall be a senator who shall not have 

attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which 
he shall be chosen. 

4. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless 
they be equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president pro tempore in the absence of the 
vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of 
president of the United States. 

6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they 
shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president 
of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall 
preside; and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and dis¬ 
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
trust, or profit under the United States; but the 
party convicted, shall, nevertheless, be liable and sub¬ 
ject to indictment, trial judgment, and punishment, 
according to law. 


Section 4. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elec¬ 
tions ,for senators and representatives shall be pre¬ 
scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but 
the congress may at any time by law make or alter 
such regulations, except as to places choosing sena¬ 
tors. * 

2. The congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year; and such meeting shall be on the first 
Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap¬ 
point a different day. 


49 


Section 5. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns, and qualifications of its own members, and 
a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do 
business; but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and may be authorized to compel the at¬ 
tendance of absent members, in such manner and 
under such .penalties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its pro¬ 
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a mem¬ 
ber. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed¬ 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, except¬ 
ing such parts as may, in their judgment, require se¬ 
crecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth 
of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days nor to any other place than that 
in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. 

1. The senators and representatives shall receive 
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
their attention at the session of their respective 
houses and in going to and returning from the same; 
and for any speech or debate in either house they shall 
not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
civil office under the authority of the United States, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments 

50 - 


whereof shall have been increased, during such time; 
and no person holding any office under the United 
States shall be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 


Section 7. 

1. All bills for raising revenues shall originate in 
the house of representatives; but the senate may pro¬ 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the house 
of representatives and the senate, shall, before it be¬ 
come a law, be presented to the president of the 
United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that 
house in which it shall have originated; who shall 
enter the objections at large on their journal and pro¬ 
ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, 
two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, 
it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid¬ 
ered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it 
shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and 
the names of the persons voting for and against the 
bill shall be entered on the journal of each house re¬ 
spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the 
president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in 
which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
concurrence of the senate and house of representatives 
may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn¬ 
ment), shall be presented to the president of the 
United States; and, before the same shall take effect, 
shall be approved by him; or being disapproved by 4 

5i 


him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate and 
house of representatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. 

The congress shall have power: 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
excises; to pay the debts and provide for the common; 
defense and general welfare of the United States; but 
all duties, imposts, and excise shall be uniform 
throughout the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several States, and with the Indian 
tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit¬ 
ing the securities and current coin of the United 
States. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful 
arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and in¬ 
ventors, the exclusive right to their respective writ¬ 
ings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme 
court; to define and punish piracies and felonies com¬ 
mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the law 
of nations. 

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water. 


52 


11. To raise and support armies; but no appro¬ 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term than two years. 

12. To provide and maintain a navy. 

I 3- To make rules for the government and regu¬ 
lation of the land and naval forces. 

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, 
and repel invasions. 

15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci¬ 
plining the militia, and for governing such part of 
them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States ; reserving to the States respectively the ap¬ 
pointment of the officers and the authority of training 
the militia according to the discipline prescribed by 
congress. 

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square), as may, by cession of particular States, 
and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of 
the government of the United States; and to exercise 
like authority over all places purchased, by the con¬ 
sent of the legislature of the State in which the same 
shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dockyards, and other needful buildings; and 

17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
poper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this constitu¬ 
tion in the government of the United States, or in any 
department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. 

1. The migration or importation of such persorfs 
as any of the States now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
53 


eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such im¬ 
portation not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion 
or invasion, the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder^ or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
unless in proportion to the census of enumeration 
hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. No preference shall be given by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of 
one State over those of another; nor shall vessels 
bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear 
or pay duties in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury 
but in consequence of appropriations made bv law; 
and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be pub¬ 
lished from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States; and no person holding any office of 
profit or trust under them shall, without the consent 
of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, 
prince, or foreign State. 

Section 10. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and re¬ 
prisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any¬ 
thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 
or 'law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant 
any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the con- 

54 


gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex¬ 
ports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports 
or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the 
United States, and all such laws shall be subject to 
the revision and control of the congress. No State 
shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty on 
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, 
enter into any agreement or compact with another 
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, un¬ 
less actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section i. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a presi¬ 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years; and together 
with the vice-president chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors 
equal to the whole number of senators and represen¬ 
tatives to which the State may be entitled in the con¬ 
gress ; but no senator or representative, or person 
holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an elector. 

3. (The electors shall meet in their respective 
States and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom 
one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a list of 
all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the senate. 

55 


The president of the senate shall, in the presence of 
the senate and house of representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The 
person having the greatest number of votes shall be 
the president, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if there be 
more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of Votes, then the house of representa¬ 
tives shall immediately choose by ballot, one of them 
for president; and if no person have a majority, then, 
from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, 
in like manner, choose the president. But in choos¬ 
ing the president, the vote shall be taken by States, 
the representation from each State having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the States, and a ma¬ 
jority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
In every case, after the choice of the president, the 
person having the greatest number of votes of the 
electors shall be the vice-president. But if there 
should remain two or more who have equal votes, the 
senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice- 
president.)* 

*This paragraph has been superseded and annulled 
by the 12th amendment. 

4. The congress may determine the time of choos¬ 
ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
their votes, which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 1 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adop¬ 
tion of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office 
of president; neither shall any person be eligible to 
that office who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the president from 

56 


office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to dis¬ 
charge the powers and duties of the said office, tlfe 
same shall devolve on the vice-president; and the 
congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, 
death, resignation, or inability, both of the president 
and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then 
act as president; and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed, or a president shall be 
elected. 

7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for 
his services a compensation which shall neither be in-. 
creased nor diminished during the period for which 
he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the 
United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith¬ 
fully execute the office of President of the United 
States; and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect, and defend the constitution of the United 
States.” 

Section 2. 

1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several States, when called into the 
actual service of the United States. He may require 
the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each 
of the executive departments, upon any subject relat¬ 
ing to the duties of their respective offices; and he 
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offenses, against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided 
two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 

57 


sent of the senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme 
court, and all other officers of the United States 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law. But the 
congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
inferior officers as they think proper, in the president 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart¬ 
ments. 

3. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
senate, by granting commissions which shall expire 
at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. 

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the con¬ 
gress information of the state of the Union, and rec¬ 
ommend to their consideration such measures as he 
shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on ex¬ 
traordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
of them; and in case of disagreement between them, 
with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad¬ 
journ them to such time as he shall think proper. He 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. 
He shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe¬ 
cuted; and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

Section 4. 

1. The president, vice-president, arid all civil offi¬ 
cers of the United States, shall be removed from office 
on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, brib¬ 
ery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. 

1. The judicial power of the United States shall 
be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior 
58 


courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain 
and establish. The judges, both of the superior and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good 
behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in 
law and equity arising under this constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to all cases af¬ 
fecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con¬ 
suls; to all case of admiralty and maritime jurisdic¬ 
tion ; to controversies to which the United States shall 
be a party; to controversies between two or more 
States; between a State and citizens of another State; 
‘between citizens of different States; between citizens 
of the same State claiming lands under grants of dif¬ 
ferent States, and between a State, or the citizens 
thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 

2. In all case affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall 
be a party, the supreme court shall have original jur¬ 
isdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under 
such regulations as the congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im¬ 
peachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be 
held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
been committed; but when not committed within any 
State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the 
congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3. 

1. Treason against the United States shall con¬ 
sist only in levying war against them or in adhering to 
59 


their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No 
person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes¬ 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
confession in open court. 

2. The congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason 
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section i. 

i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceed¬ 
ings of every other State; and the congress may, by 
general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and 
the effect thereof. 

Section 2. 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to 
all privileges and immunities of citizens in the sev¬ 
eral States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, 
and be found in another State, shall, on the demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which 
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor; but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. 

1. New States may be admitted by the congress 
into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or . 

60 


erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor 
any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States or parts of States, without the consent of the 
legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the 
congress. 

2. The congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations respect¬ 
ing the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States; and nothing in this constitution shall 
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
United States, or of any particular State. 

Section 4. 

1. The United States shall guarantee to every 
State in this Union a republican form of government, 
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, 
on application of the legislature, or of the executive 
(when the legislature cannot be convened), against 
domestic violence. 


ARTICLE V. 

1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend¬ 
ments to this constitution; or, on appliction of the 
legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a convention for proposing amendments which, in 
either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, 
as part of this constitution, when ratified by the leg¬ 
islatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by 
conventions in three-fourths therof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
congress; provided that no amendment, which may be 
made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; 
and that no State, without its consent, shall be de¬ 
prived of its equal suffrage in the senate. 

61 


ARTICLE VI. 


1. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into before the adoption of this constitution shall be 
as valid against the United States under this cpnsti- 
tution, as under the confederation. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and 
all treaties made, under the authority of the United 
States; shall be the supreme law of the land; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything 
in the constitution or laws of any State to the con¬ 
trary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before men¬ 
tioned and the members of the several State legisla¬ 
tures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of 
the United States and of the several States, shall be 
bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitu¬ 
tion ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust under the 
United States. 


ARTICLE VII. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine 
States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this 
constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent 
of the States present, the seventeenth day of 
September, in the year of our Lord one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, 
and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. In witness 
whereof we have hereunto subscribed our 
names. 

Go: WASHINGTON, 
Presidt, and Deputy from Virginia. 

62 


New Hampshire:—John Langdon, Nicholas 
Gilman. 

Massachusetts :—Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus 
King. 

Connecticut:;—Wm. Sami. Johnson, Roger 
Sherman. 

New York:—Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey:—Wil: Livingston, Wm. Pater¬ 
son, David Brearley, Jona. Dayton. 

Pennsylvania ^—B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, James Wilson, 
Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared In- 
gersoll, Gouv Morris. 

Delaware:—Geo: Read, John Dickinson, 
Jaco: Broom, Richard Bassett, Gunning 
Bedford, Jun. 

Maryland :—James McHenry, Danl. Carroll, 
Dan of St. Thos. Jenifer. 

Virginia:—John Blair, James Madison, Jr. 

North Carolina:—Wm. Blount, Hu William¬ 
son, Richd. Dobbs Spaight. 

South Carolina:—J. Rutledge, Charles 
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinck¬ 
ney, Pierce Butler. 

Georgia:—William Few, Abr. Baldwin. 

Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 


63 


AMENDMENTS 

TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

The following amendments were proposed at the 
first session of the first congress of the United States, 
which was begun and held at the city of New York 
on the 4th of March, 1789, and were adopted by the 
requisite number of States. Laws of the U. S., vol. 
1, page 82. 

(The following preamble and resolution preceded 
the original proposition of the amendments, and as 
they have been supposed to have an important bear¬ 
ing on the construction of those amendments they are 
here inserted. They will be found in the journals of 
the first session of the first congress.) 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 

Begun and held at the city of New York, on 
Wednesday, the 4th day of March, 1789. 

The conventions of a number of the States having, 
at the time of their adopting the constitution, ex¬ 
pressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction 
or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and 
restrictive clauses should be added, and as extending 
the ground of public confidence in the government 
will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution: 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Represen¬ 
tatives of the United States of America, in congress 
assembled, two-thirds of both houses concurring, that 
the following articles be proposed to the legislatures 
of the several States, as amendments to the constitu¬ 
tion of the United States; all or any of which arti¬ 
cles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said legis¬ 
latures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part 
of the said constitution, namely: 

64 


ARTICLE I * 


Congress shall make no law respecting an estab¬ 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of 
the press; or the right of the people peaceably to as¬ 
semble, and to petition the government for a redress 
of ' grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the se¬ 
curity of a free State the right of the people to keep 
and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in 
time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their per¬ 
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 
searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no 
warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, sup¬ 
ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly de¬ 
scribing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
things to be seized. 


ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in 
actual service in time of war or public danger; nor 
shall any person be subject for the same offense to be 
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be 

65 


compelled in any criminal case,, to be a witness against 
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law ; nor shall private property 
be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en¬ 
joy the right of a speedy and public trial, by an im¬ 
partial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law; and to be in¬ 
formed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to 
be confronted with the witnesses against him; to 
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
defense. ' 


ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in contro¬ 
versy shall exceed twenty dollars the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the 
United States, than according to the rules of the 
common law.* 

*This affects only United States Courts. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in¬ 
flicted. 


ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people 
66 


ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by 
the constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, 
are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
people. 

(The following amendment was proposed at the 
second session of the third congress. It is printed in 
the Laws of the United States, vol. i, p. 73 as article 
11.) 


ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not 
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 
subjects of any foreign State. 

(The three following sections were proposed as 
amendments at* the first session of the eighth con¬ 
gress. They are printed in the laws of the United 
States as article 12.) 

ARTICLE XII. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for president and vice- 
president, one of whom at least shall not be an in¬ 
habitant of the same State with themselves. They 
shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of 
all persons voted for as president, and of all 
persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
number of votes for each; which lists they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
government of the United States, directed to the pres¬ 
ident of the'senate. The president of the senate shall, 

67 


in the presence of the senate and house of represen¬ 
tatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest num¬ 
ber of votes for president shall be the president, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed; and if no person have such ma¬ 
jority, then from the persons having the highest num¬ 
bers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted 
for as president, the house of representatives shall 
choose immedia*tely, by ballot, the president. But in, 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by 
States, the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member of members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the house of representatives shall 
not choose a president, whenever the right of choice 
shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the vice-president shall 
act as president, as in the case of the death or other 
constitutional disability of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, 
then from the two highest numbers on the list the 
senate shall choose the vice-president. A quorum for 
the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole 
number of senators, and a majority of the whole num¬ 
ber shall be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII* 

Section r. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as 
a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have 
68 


been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. 

Congress shall have the power to enforce this arti¬ 
cle by appropriate legislation. 

^Proposed by Congress February 1, 1865. Ratifica¬ 
tion announced by Secretary of State, December 18, 
1865. 

ARTICLE XIV.** 

Section 1. 

All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of the State wherein 
they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of 
citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State de¬ 
prive any person of life, liberty, or property, without 
due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. 

Representatives shall be apportioned among the 
several States according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
president and vice-president of the United States, 
representatives in congress, the executive and judicial 
offices of a State, or the members of the legislature 
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citi¬ 
zens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, 
the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in 
the proportion which the number of such male citi¬ 
zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. 


Section 3. 

No person shall be a senator or representative in 
congress, or elector of president and vice-president, 
or hold any office^ civil or military, under the United 
States, or under any State, who, having previously 
taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an offi¬ 
cer of the United States, or as a member of any State 
legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of 
any State, to support the constitution of the United 
States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the en¬ 
emies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two- 
thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. 

The validity of the public debt of the United States 
authorized by law including debts incurred for pay¬ 
ment of pensions and bounties for services in sup¬ 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques¬ 
tioned. But neither the United States nor any State 
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

**Proposed by Congress June 16, 1866. Ratifica¬ 
tion announced by Secretary of State, July 28, 1868. 

Section 5. 

The congress shall have power to .enforce, by ap¬ 
propriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV* 

Section 1. 

The right of citizens of the United Statess to vote 
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 
or by any State on account of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude. 


70 


Section 2. 

The congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XVI* 

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect 
taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, 
without apportionment among the several states, and 
without regard to any census or enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVII.** 

The Senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two Senators from each State, elected by the people 
thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have 
one vote. The electors in each State shall have the 
qualifications requisite for electors of the most num¬ 
erous branch of the State legislatures. When va¬ 
cancies happen in the representation of any State in 
the Senate, the executive authority of such State 
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: 
Provided, That the legislature of any State may em¬ 
power the executive thereof to make temporary ap¬ 
pointments until the people fill the vacancies by elec¬ 
tion as the legislature may direct. This amendment 
shall not be so construed as to affect the election or 
term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid 
as part of the Constitution. 


7 1 


PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG 
ADDRESS. 


“Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers 
brought forth on this continent, a new nation, con¬ 
ceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition 
that all men are created equal. 

“Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing 
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and 
so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a 
great battlefield of that war. We have come to 
dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting 
place for those who here gave their lives that that 
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and 
proper that we should do this. 

“But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we 
cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. 
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled 
here, have consecrated it far above our poor power 
to add or detract. The world will little note nor 
long remember what we say here, but it can never 
forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, 
*ather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work 
which they who fought here ave thus far so nobly 
idvanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated 
to the great task remaining before us—that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to 
hat cause for which they gave the last full measure 
of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these 
dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, 
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and 
that government of the people, by the people, for 
the people shall not perish from the earth/ 


72 


the Monroe doctrine. 

“In the wars of the European powers in matters 
relating to themselves we have never taken any 
part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. 
It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously 
menaced that we resent injuries or make prepara¬ 
tions for our defence. With the movements in this 
hemishere we are of necessity more immediately 
connected, and by causes which must be obvious to 
all enlightened and impartial observers. The politi¬ 
cal system of the allied powers is essentially dif¬ 
ferent in this respect from that of America.| This 
difference proceeds from that which exists in their 
respective governments. And to the defence of our 
own, which has-been achieved by the loss of so 
much blood and treasure, and matured by the wis¬ 
dom of their most enlightened citizens, and under 
which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this 
whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to 
candor and to the amicable relations exfsting be¬ 
tween the United States and those powers, to de¬ 
clare that we should consider any attempt on their 
part to extend their system to any portion of this 
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. 
With the existing colonies or dependencies of any 
European power we have not interfered and shall 
not interfere. But with the governments who have 
declared their independence and have maintained 
it, and whose independence we have, on great con¬ 
sideration and just principles, acknowledged, we 
could not view any interposition for the purpose of 
oppressing them, or controlling in any other mat¬ 
ter their destiny, by any European power in any 
other light than as the manifestation of an un¬ 
friendly disposition toward the United States. It 
is impossible that the allied powers should extend 
their political system to any portion of either conti- 


7 3 


nent without endangering our peace and happiness; 
nor can any o.ne believe that our Southern brethren, 
if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own 
accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we 
should behold such interposition in any fprm with 
indifference.” 




74 


FLAG ETIQUETTE. 

The FLAG should be raised at sunrise and lowered 
at sunset. It may be raised at other times, but should 
never be left out at night, EXCEPT when it is under 
the fire of an enemy. 

On MEMORIAL DAY the FLAG should be dis¬ 
played at half-staff from sunrise until noon, and at 
the peak from noon until sunset. 

In raising the FLAG to half-staff or half-mast, it 
should always be run to the peak and then lowered 
ONE BREADTH OF THE FLAG. In retiring, it 
should first be run to the peak and then retired. It 
should never be allowed to touch the ground. 

When the “STAR SPANGLED BANNER” is 
played or sung, stand, uncover and remain standing, 
in silence, until it is finished. 

When the FLAG is passing on parade or in re¬ 
view, if you are walking, halt; if sitting, rise, stand 
at attention and uncover. 

The FLAG should never be worn as the whole or 
part of a costume. As a badge it should be worn 
over the left breast. 

If decorating, the FLAG should never be festooned 
or draped. Always hung flat. 

If hung so stripes are horizontal, Union should be 
in left upper corner. 

If hung perpendicularly, Union should be in right 
upper corner. 

When the NATIONAL FLAG and another flag 
fly from same pole there should be double halyards, 
one for each flag. 

The FLAG should never be placed below a person 
sitting. 

When carried in parade, or when crossed with 
other flags, the STARS AND STRIPES should al¬ 
ways be at right. • 

When the FLAG is used in unveiling a statue or 

75 


monument, it should not be allowed to fall to the 
ground, but should be carried aloft to wave out, form¬ 
ing a distinctive feature during the remainder of the 
ceremony. 

When the FLAG is placed over a bier or casket the 
blue field should be at the head. 

As an altar covering, the Union should be at the 
right as you face the altar, and nothing should be 
placed upon the FLAG except the Holy Bible. 

The FLAG should never be reversed except in case 
of distress at sea. 



76 


June 14, 1917. 


John San jean, Esq., 

649 Tremont Bldg., 

Boston, Mass. 

My dear Mr San jean: 

I have carefully examined 
your book, “How to Become a Citizen,” and I am 
much pleased with the detail and accuracy of the 
work. 

During my ten years experience as Deputy Clerk 
of the United States District Court for the District of 
Massachusetts, in which capacity I was constantly in 
touch with the naturalization end of the office, I have 
not seen a more complete treatise on the subject. 

I take great pleasure in recommending it to the 
public. 

Sincerely yours 



Ex-deputy Clerk, United States District 
Court for the District of Massachusetts. 


77 


June 12, 1917. 


John San jean, Esq., 

649 Tremont Bldg., 

Boston, Mass. 

Dear Mr. San jean: 

After looking over your book, 
“How to Become a Citizen,” I am much impressed 
with the completeness of the work. It is undoubtedly 
the most complete and thorough book of its kind that 
has yet been published. I do not see how any one 
who studies it carefully can fail to pass the naturaliza¬ 
tion examination. 

It would be an instructive book for an American 
born to read. 

Very sincerely yours, 

Chairman of Naturalization Committee, 
Republican State Committee of Massachusetts. 


78' 


June 14, 1917. 


John San jean, Esq., 
649 Tremont Bldg., 
Boston, Mass. 


Dear Sir: 

I have examined the 
“How to Become a Citizen,” and I 
pleased with it. I believe it will fill 
place in the Evening Schools. 

Very truly yours, 


manuscript of 
am very much 
a much needed 



79 





Boston, Mass. 




o 

Eh 








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